Takardar binciken kimiyya ƙwarewa ce ta koyo wacce ɗalibai ke yin bincike da ƙoƙarin warware matsaloli a fagen sana'arsu. Dalibai sun shiga cikin bincike tun farkon shekarar su. Ko da kasancewar mutane da yawa masu cancanta “rubuta min takarda ta” ayyuka na iya gaya mana da yawa game da shaharar ayyukan aikin bincike a kwalejoji.
Da alama ɗalibai masu hazaka ne kawai suka fi yin aikin bincike. Koyaya, ga ɗalibai, sabon sabon mafita da aka gabatar a cikin takaddar bincike yana ɗaukar matsayi na biyu. Da farko akwai ƙwarewar sirri da ƙwararru waɗanda a ƙarshe suka haifar. Misali, ikon fahimtar adadin bayanai, zama mai kirkira wajen warware matsala, yin tunani mai zurfi, zama mai son sani, da iya koyon kai. Wadannan suna zuwa da amfani a cikin aiki da rayuwa.
Koyaya, ga wasu ɗalibai, hanyar zuwa babban ilimin kimiyya yana farawa da aikin bincike. Suna rubutawa da shirya takardun binciken su bisa ga dabaru da ka'idojin aikin kimiyya na ainihi - tare da nazarin ka'idar, gina hasashe, da gwaje-gwaje.
Wani sakamakon bincike mai zaman kansa na ɗalibai shine samuwar amincewar jama'a da mutunta ilimin kimiyya. Jami'ar za ta yaye ƴan ƙasa masu ilimi waɗanda suka san abin da masana kimiyya ke yi da kuma dalilin da yasa aikinsu ke da mahimmanci.
Makasudi da makasudin aikin binciken ɗalibin
An kirkiro aikin bincike a matakai. dalibi tare da mai kulawa:
- ya zaɓi batu mai dacewa;
- yana tsara matsala;
- ya bayyana abu da batun binciken;
- yayi hasashe;
- ya kafa manufa da manufofi;
- yana ƙayyade hanyar aiki;
- tattara da kuma nazarin wallafe-wallafen kan batun;
- dubawa a aikace, idan an saita irin wannan aiki;
- ya yanke shawarar ko an tabbatar da hasashen ko akasin haka;
- ya zana ƙarshe da shawarwari;
- ya buga aikin, idan an bayyana ƙimar aiki.
Za mu yi magana game da ƙa'idodin rubuta takardar bincike dalla-dalla a ƙasa, amma a yanzu, bari mu tsaya a kan bambanci tsakanin manufar da makasudin binciken. Manufar tana da alaƙa da matsalar. Saitin manufa daidai ya kamata ya taimaka wajen nemo mafita. Mahimmanci, nasararsa shine sakamakon aikin.
Manufofi su ne matakan da ke kusantar da mu ga manufar, dabarun marubucin. Tsarin tsari da dabaru na ayyuka sun ƙayyade jerin ayyukan mai binciken da tsarin aikin binciken kimiyya.
Nau'in aikin bincike
Dalibai sun shiga aikin bincike tun farkon karatun su. Matsayin sophistication na binciken kimiyya yana ƙaruwa tare da ɗalibai. Bari mu ambaci nau'ikan takaddun bincike.
Abstract
Rubuce-rubucen rahoto ko nazari na nazari, don shirye-shiryen wanda marubucin ya yi nazarin wallafe-wallafen akan wani batu. Ɗalibin ya yi tunani a kan bayanin, ya bayyana matsayinsu, kuma ya yanke shawara.
Ƙararren aiki ne kawai na ka'idar. A lokaci guda kuma, ɗalibai suna koyon ba kawai yadda za a bincika da kuma nazarin tushen ba, amma har ma yadda za su kasance daidai cikin tsarin ƙira - m, kamar kowane takarda bincike, an tsara shi da kuma kare shi ta hanyar dokoki. Ana ba da umarnin tsari akan wannan batu.
Essay
Tunanin dalibi akan wani lamari. Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi nazarin wallafe-wallafe a kan maudu'in, amma a nan cibiyar nauyi ba ra'ayin wani ba ne, amma tunanin marubucin, ra'ayoyinsa, da tunaninsa.
A cikin muqala, marubucin ya bayyana kansu, amma a lokaci guda ya nuna cewa sun fahimci batun: a fili ya bayyana matsalar, suna daidaitawa a cikin ra'ayoyin masu sana'a da sharuddan, samar da gaskiya da ƙididdiga, bayar da hujja, kuma suna iya amsa tambayoyi. Koyaya, idan kuna gwagwarmaya tare da rubutun rubutun da kanku, koyaushe zaku iya bincika mafi kyawun sabis na rubutun rubutu akan Reddit sake dubawa don samun taimako, wanda ya sa wannan tsari ya zama ƙasa da ƙalubale.
Project
Haɓaka binciken ɗalibi yayin nazarin zaman kansa a wajen aji. Dalibin yana cikin aikin da aka nema ko bincike.
Manufar aikin da aka yi amfani da shi shine don ƙirƙirar samfurin da ke magance matsala a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararru. Misali, aikace-aikace, sabis, ko na'ura. Ana iya aiwatar da ci gaban a cikin kamfani mai girma.
Manufar aikin bincike shine cikakken bincike na wani batu mai matsala ko wanda ba a bincika ba. Misali, don shirya gabatarwar kimiyya a taro ko aikin aikace-aikace.
Coursework
Sakamakon aikin ɗalibin yayin karatun. Ana tsammanin sun sami nasarar nutsar da kansu cikin batun sha'awa.
Dangane da shekarar karatu, aikin kwas ɗin yana ƙara rikitarwa. Ɗaliban shekara na farko suna shiga cikin bincike na ka'idar. Manya dalibai, ban da nazarin wallafe-wallafen, suna ƙara hanyoyin bincike, bincike mai amfani, da kuma bayanin bayanan kimiyya a cikin takardar bincike.
Mahimmanci, ɗalibi yana ɗaukar shekaru da yawa yana yin nazari akan jigo ɗaya. Ana haɗa ayyukan darussan kan wannan batu zuwa takardar cancanta ta ƙarshe.
diploma
Aikin ƙarshe na ɗalibin da ya kammala karatun digiri a lokacin da suke a jami'a, sakamakon duk aikin bincike. Mai nuna alamar shirye-shiryen sabon ƙwararren shine nuni na ƙwarewa da ilimin da aka samu a cikin sana'ar da aka zaɓa.
A cikin binciken, marubucin ya bayyana yadda suka yi zurfin bincike game da matsalar sha'awa da kuma mafita da suke ba da shawara.
Siffofin aikin binciken kimiyya
Baya ga mutum, ana kuma aiwatar da nau'ikan nau'ikan ayyukan bincike. Ga wasu daga cikinsu.
Aikin sashe
Mafi girma ilimi Cibiyoyin sau da yawa suna da kulake - ƙungiyoyin sa kai na ɗalibai masu gudanar da bincike. Sassan suna haɗa mutane masu buƙatu guda ɗaya, suna raba gogewa da bayanai kuma suna taimaka wa juna don haɓaka aikinsu. Mahalarta suna haɗa tattaunawa ko nune-nunen, yin rahoto, yin gwaje-gwaje, shirya wallafe-wallafe don mujallolin kimiyya, da rubuta aikace-aikace don tallafin bincike. Tattauna fitattun fina-finai da littattafan almara na kimiyya ko kimiyya. Dangane da manufofin, an raba sassan zuwa tushen matsala da kimiyya.
Taron dalibai
Taro taro ne don tattauna batutuwan da ke da matsala, galibi na ka'ida. Ana ƙarfafa ɗalibi a cikin taro amma ba a la'akari da wajibi ba. Dalibi mai son rai yana shirya rahoto bisa takardar bincikensa. Kwarewar magana ce a bainar jama'a, damar yin abokai masu amfani, da kuma damar samun sharhi mai ma'ana akan takarda.
Publications
ɗalibin yana shirya labarai don bugawa a cikin mujallolin kimiyya a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da mai kulawa ko ƙarƙashin kulawar sa. Wannan ba lallai ba ne ga daliban digiri. Amma a makarantar digiri, bugawa na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ake buƙata don digiri. Mahimmanci, ɗab'ar ɗalibin da ya kammala karatun digiri alama ce ta ingancin aikinsa na ilimi.
Gaba ɗaya ƙa'idodin rubutu da tsara takarda bincike
Takardar bincike ta fara ne da zaɓin wani batu da ɗalibin ke sha'awar. Ana ba da jerin batutuwan aikin kimiyya a cikin sashen, amma mai binciken yana da 'yancin dogara ga abubuwan da suke so kuma ya zaɓi wani batu da kansa. Mai kulawa zai taimaka wajen zaɓar kalmomin da suka dace.
Babban tsarin aikin binciken kimiyya shine kamar haka:
- tsara matsala a kan maudu'in, ma'anar abu da batun binciken, tsara manufa da manufofinsa, neman hanyar bincike, da gina hasashe. Duk abin yana haɗuwa kuma yana buƙatar takamaiman tsari - tasirin ƙarin aiki ya dogara da shi;
- bincike da nazarin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya a kan batun, bayanin ra'ayoyi da sharuɗɗa, da kuma cika takardar bincike tare da bayanan ka'idoji. Marubucin ya zurfafa a cikin maudu’in kuma ya yi nazarin abin da aka rubuta a kai;
- gwaji, bangaren aiki. Har ila yau, binciken na iya zama hasashe - ya dogara da manufar takarda bincike. A kowane hali, an haifar da wani yanayi, wanda za a tabbatar ko an ƙaryata hasashen marubucin;
- gabaɗaya da kimanta sakamakon, ƙirƙira shawarwari, al'amura, da hasashen.
Ana iya gabatar da waɗannan takaddun binciken a taron ko kuma a tsara su cikin labarin don bugawa.
Takardar bincike an fitar da ita sosai bisa ka'idoji. Yawancin lokaci, ɗalibin yana karɓar ƙayyadaddun jagororin da ke yin la'akari da komai daga tsarin shafi zuwa tazara na rubutu da layi.