Mafi Girman Ayyukan Sarari A Tarihi

Wasu ayyuka na sararin samaniya suna ba mu mamaki kuma suna zaburar da girman girmansu, rikitarwa, da basirarsu. Wasu daga cikinsu an ƙaddamar da su shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, ko da lokacin da aus gidan caca babu ajiya bonus ba a fara amfani da su ba. Duk da haka, sun kafa sabon tarihi a duk lokacin da suka tashi a sararin samaniya, suna kewaya duniya har abada ko ma bayan ta. Dan Adam ya fuskanci balaguro mai girma da rugujewar sararin samaniya zuwa galaxy na Milky Way har ma da taimakon tauraron dan adam daban-daban da jiragen sama don gano tsarin hasken rana da gano sabbin duniyoyi.

Anan mun lissafa bakwai daga cikin fitattun ayyukan NASA da Soviet/Rasha har abada:

1. Majagaba 10 (Amurka);
2. Voyager 2 (Amurka);
3. Cassini-Huygens (ESA, NASA);
4. Saturn V (Amurka);
5. Soyuz TMA-16 (Kungiyar Tarayyar Soviet/Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Tarayyar Rasha);
6. Shenzhou 7 (China);
7. Jirgin sararin samaniya na Columbia (Amurka).

Pioneer 10 (Amurka)

A nisan kusan kilomita biliyan 19.3 daga Duniya a yau, Majagaba 10 a halin yanzu ya ninka fiye da Pluto nesa da duniyarmu sau biyu. NASA ta harba wannan kumbo mara matuka a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1972, domin yin nazarin sararin samaniya tsakanin Duniya da Jupiter. Shi ne abu na farko na wucin gadi da ya ratsa ta cikin bel na asteroid - zoben tarkace da duwatsun da ke tsakanin kewayen Mars da Jupiter. An sami siginar ƙarshe na Pioneer 10 a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2003, lokacin da ya yi tafiyar kilomita biliyan da yawa bayan ƙaddamar da shi shekaru 42 da suka gabata, cikin sauƙin karya duk bayanan nesa na abubuwan da mutum ya kera.

Voyager 2 (Amurka)

An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 1977, ta NASA, don nazarin Saturn da Jupiter kusa, Voyager 2 ya kuma bincika Uranus a 1986 da Neptune a 1989 a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufa ta Grand Tour. Yanzu yana binciken sararin samaniya, wanda ya ƙunshi ions masu ƙarfi sosai waɗanda ke gudana daga Rana. Har ya zuwa yau, Voyager 2 yana ci gaba da aika sakonnin rediyo zuwa duniya ko da ana tsammanin za su shuɗe kowace rana yanzu.

Cassini-Huygens (ESA, NASA)

Wannan aikin haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin ESA da NASA don gano babbar duniyar wata ta Saturn, Titan - duniya mai siffofi masu kama da na Duniya kafin rayuwa - da kuma Saturn kanta. An harba kumbon Cassini ne a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1997, NASA ta harba shi kuma ya shiga zagayen Saturn a shekara ta 2004. Ya jefar da binciken Huygens a saman saman Titan a shekarar 2005, wanda ya zama kumbo na farko da ya taba sauka a duniyar wata.

Saturn V (Amurka)

Makamin da ya kai ‘yan sama jannatin Apollo zuwa duniyar wata yana da matakai 11, inda ya samar da tuhume-tuhumen fam miliyan 7.6 a lokacin dagawa, kuma ya kai ton 6,200, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin rokoki mafi karfi da aka taba ginawa. Jirgin na Saturn V ya kaddamar da shi a karon farko a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1967, ya kuma gudanar da ayyuka 13 masu nasara - wadanda dukkansu ba su da aiki - har sai da ya yi ritaya a 1973 bayan Apollo 17 (NASA).

Soyuz TMA-16 (Hukumar Sararin Samaniya ta Tarayyar Soviet/Rasha)

An harba shi a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2009, daga Kazakhstan ta Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Rasha, wannan kumbon ya yi jigilar mambobi biyu na jirgin Rasha na 19 zuwa tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya. Sun shafe watanni shida suna gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kimiyya iri-iri a cikin jirgin kafin su dawo duniya. Wannan manufa ta kasance mai mahimmanci saboda tana wakiltar muhimmin mataki na samar da tashar sararin samaniya mai aiki da ɗan adam ta dindindin.

Kafin Soyuz TMA-16, akwai aikin Soyuz TMA-15 (Soviet/Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Rasha). Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Rasha ta harba shi a ranar 27 ga Mayu 2009 daga Kazakhstan. Kumbon ya yi jigilar mambobi uku na jirgin Rasha na 19 zuwa tashar sararin samaniya ta kasa da kasa, inda suka kwashe watanni shida suna gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kimiyya iri-iri kafin ya dawo doron kasa a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2009.

Shenzhou 7 (China)

A ranar 25 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2008 ne aka fara jigilar ma'aikata a sararin samaniyar kasar Sin, inda wasu 'yan sama jannatin kasar Sin uku suka yi balaguro zuwa sararin samaniya da kuma dawowa. A cikin wani jirgin da ya kwashe kusan kwanaki uku ana yi, kasar Sin ta yi gwajin motocinta da ke kewaya don gudanar da ayyukan da za a yi a nan gaba a wani bangare na tashar sararin samaniya da ake shirin ginawa. An harba kumbon ne daga cibiyar harba tauraron dan adam ta Jiuquan da ke Mongoliya ta ciki da abin da ake kira "Project 921-2" a lokacin.

Jirgin Sama na Space Columbia (Amurka)

Jirgin saman sararin samaniyar Columbia ya shiga sararin samaniyar duniya a karon farko a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1981. Ya kammala jirage 28 masu nasara - ciki har da wadanda suka kawo 'yan sama jannatin Amurka zuwa sararin samaniya da yin hidima da gyara na'urar hangen nesa ta Hubble - kafin ya tarwatse yayin sake shiga ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2003. : wannan mummunan hatsari ya janyo dakatar da shirin nan take. A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Columbia ita ce ƙarami na NASA's Shuttles guda uku a sabis bayan Atlantis da Ganowa.

Gaskiya Masu Ban sha'awa Game da Ma'auni na Waje

Kamar yadda yake tare da kusan kowane abu mai ban sha'awa, abubuwa da yawa game da ayyukan sararin samaniya na iya barin ku cikin mamaki. Anan ga wasu daga cikin abubuwan da za ku iya samu masu ban sha'awa sosai.

• Sabanin yadda yawancin mutane ke tunani, jirgin na farko da ya fara sauka a duniyar Mars ba Viking 1 Lander ba ne a shekarar 1976, sai dai Mariner 4, wanda Phobos ya tashi a ranar 14-15 ga Yuli, 1965. Ya dauki wani lokaci kafin dan Adam ya cimma wannan nasara saboda haka. na gazawar fasaha waɗanda dole ne a fara shawo kan su. Misali, shirye-shiryen manufa mara matuki yana buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfin lissafi a baya fiye da yadda yake yi a yau.
• Binciken farko da aka aika zuwa duniyar Mars shi ne jirgin 'Mars 1' na Tarayyar Soviet, wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1960 duk da cewa ba su sami nasarar kaiwa ga sararin samaniya ba. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin gazawar manufa domin bai sake tuntuɓar duniya ba.
• NASA ta gudanar da aikin farko na nasara zuwa Mars a cikin 1976 tare da Viking 1, wanda ya isa Red Planet a ranar 20 ga Yuli.
• Binciken farko da aka aika zuwa Mercury shine manzon NASA, wanda Venus ya tashi sau ɗaya kuma sau biyu a duniya kafin ya shiga kewayen Mercury a cikin 2011.
• NASA ta riga ta yi ƙoƙarin aika kumbon sama jannati zuwa Neptune ba tare da samun nasara sosai ba: Voyager 2 ya tashi da shi sau ɗaya amma bai shiga ERу orbit ba saboda yana kusa da Rana a lokacin, don haka ba shi da isasshen gudu.
• Aikin binciken sararin samaniya na karshe a shekarar 2013 ya kasance ne ta hanyar binciken canjin 5 T1 na kasar Sin, wanda ya yi nasarar sauka a duniyar wata a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, don yin gwaje-gwajen kimiyya da dama. Ya kamata a mayar da sakamakon zuwa Duniya ta hanyar bincike na orbital Canjin 5 T1.
• Binciken farko da ya fara sauka a kan wani jirgi mai saukar ungulu shi ne Hayabusa na kasar Japan, wanda ya shafe sama da shekara guda yana binciken saman Itokawa kafin ya dawo duniya da samfurin kura a ranar 13 ga watan Yunin 2010.
• NASA ta tashi daga Comet Halley a cikin 1986, kuma daya daga cikin manyan masanan kimiyya ya bayyana cewa yana kama da 'kashin kaza' (watakila saboda yadda yake da kumbura).

A cikin rashin nasara, ana iya cewa ayyukan sararin samaniya sun sa ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha ya yiwu ta yadda za mu dauki abubuwa da yawa a wasa. Yana da ban sha'awa sosai cewa a zamanin yau, za mu iya isa sararin samaniya, mu bincika su, mu yi amfani da wannan sabon ilimin don amfanin mu. Amma, a kan bayanin da ya fi duhu, waɗannan ayyuka na sararin samaniya iri ɗaya na iya haifar da rugujewar ɗan adam: ƙaton asteroid guda ɗaya da ya bugi Duniya zai isa ya yi shi.