Dole ne mutane su dogara ga manzanni don karɓa da aika saƙonni a baya. A karshen karni na 19, an sami gagarumin ci gaba a harkar sadarwa ta hanyar fitar da wayar farko. Wannan gabatarwar ta canza yadda mutane ke hulɗa da sadarwa da juna.
Duk da haka, ci gaban bai tsaya a nan ba. Bayan fiye da karni, wayar hannu ta bullo da wasu abubuwa na zamani da suka hada da fasahar taba fuska, aikawa da karban sakonni, da dai sauransu. Waɗannan abubuwan ci-gaba suna samun goyan bayan abubuwa biyu na farko na wayar hannu: microprocessors da microcontrollers.
Wannan labarin ya tattauna abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wayoyin hannu, microcontroller. Anan, zaku koyi menene microcontroller, rarrabuwar sa, da ƙari.
1. Menene Microcontroller?
Lokacin magana game da kwamfutoci da na'urorin lantarki, yawan fanfare yana zuwa ga microprocessors. Koyaya, wani abu mai mahimmanci a cikin wayoyinku ya cancanci ɗaukaka - microcontroller.
Microcontroller yana nufin na'urar haɗaɗɗiyar da'ira (IC) wacce ke sarrafa ayyukan tsarin lantarki. An inganta shi don software kuma an sanya shi dindindin a cikin wayoyin ku don yin takamaiman ayyuka, kamar amsawar allo.
Ƙungiyar Microcontroller (MCU) wani zaɓi ne mai kyau wanda ke bayyana halayensa. Prefix 'micro' yana bayyana ƙarancin tsarin. A halin yanzu, 'controller' yana bayyana ikon tsarin don sarrafa wasu sassa na tsarin lantarki, yawanci ta hanyar na'urar microprocessor da sauran kayan aiki.
Ayyukan MCU sun dogara ne akan aiki da ƙarfin na'ura mai sarrafa dijital da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da sauran na'urorin da aka tsara don taimakawa tsarin hulɗa tare da wasu tsarin.
2. Microprocessors vs Microcontrollers
Wani lokaci, mutane na iya amfani da kalmar 'microprocessor' lokacin da ake magana akan microcontroller, amma yakamata ku fahimci wani bambanci tsakanin na'urorin biyu.
Bari mu fara da fahimtar menene microprocessor. Microprocessor yana nufin sashin sarrafawa na tsarin kwamfuta wanda ke gudanar da ayyuka na sashin ilimin lissafi (ALU) da sadarwa tare da wasu na'urorin da ke da alaƙa da ita. Na'urar tana kan guntun da'ira guda ɗaya wanda ke ɗauke da ƙananan abubuwa da yawa kamar su semiconductors, transistor, diodes, transistor, da ƙari waɗanda ke aiki tare, suna taimaka wa wayarka yin aikinta.
- Microprocessor yana aiki azaman zuciyar tsarin kwamfuta; wato duk abin da kwamfuta ke yi ana bayyana shi da umarnin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta. Microprocessor yana aiwatar da waɗannan umarni miliyoyi da yawa a cikin daƙiƙa guda. A halin yanzu, microcontrollers suna aiki azaman zuciyar aikace-aikacen da aka haɗa.
- Microprocessor na'ura ce kawai; don haka, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da na'urorin da ke gefe, kamar na'urorin shigarwa da fitarwa (I/O), dole ne a haɗa su a waje, don haka ya zama mai girma da rikitarwa. A gefe guda kuma, microcontroller yana da na'ura mai sarrafawa da ginanniyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da tsarin I/O, don haka da'irar tana da ƙarami kuma ba ta da rikitarwa.
- Microcontroller yana da raka'o'in ajiyar ajiya mai sauri fiye da microprocessor dangane da rajista. Don haka, yawancin ayyuka a cikin microprocessors suna tushen ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
3. Rarraba Na Microcontrollers
Ana iya rarraba Microcontrollers kamar haka:
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Hawan Bus
Motar bas ɗin tana bayyana layin layi ɗaya da ake amfani da su don haɗa abubuwan haɗin microcontroller daban-daban. Yana watsa bayanai da umarni tsakanin sassan na'urar sarrafawa.
Microcontrollers an kasaftasu zuwa 8-bit, 16-bit, da 32-bit microcontrollers dangane da fadin bas.
Microcontroller 8-bit yana da faɗin bas 1-byte. Don haka, yana iya canja wurin da aiwatar da bayanan rago takwas a cikin zagaye ɗaya. Babban rashin lahani na wannan microcontroller shine lokacin da yake aiwatar da ayyukan ALU. Don haka, idan yana sarrafa bayanan 16-bit, zai yi amfani da kewayawa da yawa don kammala aikinsa, wanda zai haifar da rashin aiki da rashin daidaito.
A halin yanzu, microcontroller 16-bit yana da faɗin bas 2-byte. Ya fi inganci da daidaito fiye da 8-bit microcontroller. Yana sarrafa bayanai na 16 ragowa a cikin zagaye guda.
A ƙarshe, microcontroller 32-bit yana da faɗin bas na 32 bits ko tsayi 4-bytes. Wannan microcontroller yana da babban aiki da faruwa fiye da nau'in 16-bit. Koyaya, ya fi tsada kuma yana cin ƙarin ƙarfi. Ya fi dacewa da yin hadaddun ayyuka na sarrafa siginar sauti da bidiyo. Hakanan yana sauƙaƙa haɗa kayan aiki da yawa, kamar bas ɗin serial na duniya (USB). Kuna iya zaɓar daga masu sarrafa 32-bit da yawa, gami da Saukewa: STM32F031G6U6 da sauran fitattun samfuran da suka yi fice a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata saboda babban aiki da daidaito.
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Memory
Microcontroller na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana da duk mahimman tubalan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aka haɗa a cikin guntu ɗaya. Waɗannan tubalan masu aiki sun haɗa da mai ƙidayar lokaci, katsewa, shiri, da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar bayanai. Waɗannan an gyara su, don haka ba za a iya faɗaɗa su ba; duk da haka, zaku iya amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar karantawa-kawai (ROM) don tsawaita ma'ajiyar microcontroller ɗin ku.
A gefe guda, microcontroller na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar waje ba shi da ɗaya daga cikin tubalan aikin da ke cikin guntun sa; Don haka, dole ne ya haɗa zuwa toshe na waje. Haɗin samfuran waje yana ƙara girman microcontroller.
4. Abubuwan asali na Microcontrollers
Microcontroller yana da wasu abubuwan da aka haɗa cikin da'ira ɗaya don yin takamaiman ayyuka. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:
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Rukunin sarrafawa na tsakiya CPU
CPU yana aiki azaman kwakwalwar microcontroller a cikin wayoyin ku. Ƙungiyar tana ɗauko umarni, ta fahimci abin da ake nufi, kuma a ƙarshe ta aiwatar da shi. Hakanan, naúrar tana haɗa kowane ɓangaren microcontroller zuwa da'ira guda ɗaya, don haka yin takamaiman ayyuka ya zama mafi sauƙi. Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci don duba zafin CPU ɗin ku, don guje wa batutuwan da suka daɗe waɗanda zasu iya shafar aikin wayarku.
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Tashoshin Ruwa Da Rajista
Mashigai da rajista suna nufin wurare na musamman na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya waɗanda ke keɓe ga ayyuka na musamman kamar wurin kayan aiki. Koyaya, ana iya keɓance wasu tashoshin jiragen ruwa zuwa ayyukan I/O na guntu mai sarrafa kwamfuta. Hakanan zaka iya canza aikin fil na microcontroller (filin shigarwa zuwa fil ɗin fitarwa) ta saka ko dai 1 ko 0 cikin takamaiman adireshin tashar jiragen ruwa.
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Canjin Analog zuwa Dijital (ADC)
Kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, wannan bangaren yana da alhakin canza siginar analog zuwa na dijital. Misali, lokacin da kake amfani da wayar hannu, taɓawa akan allon shine shigar da analog a cikin wannan mai juyawa. Dogarin zai canza shigarwar firikwensin zuwa nau'i na dijital, kuma allon zai amsa daidai.
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Mai ƙidayar lokaci
Dangane da nau'in wayar hannu, microcontroller na iya samun fiye da mai ƙidayar lokaci ɗaya ko na'ura. Wannan bangaren yana da alhakin duk ayyukan lokaci da kirgawa na microcontroller. Wasu daga cikin ayyukansa sun haɗa da gyare-gyare, auna mitar, bugun bugun jini, da kirga bugun bugun waje.
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Memory
Ana amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin microcontroller don adana bayanai da shirye-shirye. Tsarin yana da ƙayyadaddun adadin ƙwaƙwalwar shiga bazuwar, ROM, da sauran abubuwan ƙwaƙwalwar walƙiya don adanawa da sarrafa lambobin tushen shirin.
Kwayar
Kamar yadda aka tattauna, shigar da wayoyin hannu ya canza yadda mutane ke hulɗa da juna. Abubuwan farko na wayowin komai da ruwan, microprocessors, da microcontrollers, suna goyan bayan abubuwan ci gaba kamar allon taɓawa da sauran iyawa.
