Farfadowar Colossal Biosciences na kyarkeci yana wakiltar mafi rikitarwa nasarar aikin injiniyan kwayoyin halitta a cikin dabbar kashin baya zuwa yau. Kamfanin ya yi nasarar aiwatar da gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta guda 20 don canza sel kyarkeci masu launin toka zuwa kwatankwacin kyarkeci, yana gabatar da halayen da ba su wanzu a duniya tsawon shekaru 12,000. Waɗannan gyare-gyaren da aka zaɓa a hankali suna ba da taga mai ban sha'awa a cikin duka kimiyyar kawar da ɓarna da keɓaɓɓen ilimin halitta na kyarkeci da kansu.
Saita Sabon Rikodi
gyare-gyare guda 20 da aka yi don ƙirƙirar kerkeci ya kafa sabon ma'auni don ingantacciyar injiniyar kwayoyin halitta. "Wannan labarin ya zo ne a kan sanarwar kwanan nan na Colossal woolly linzamin kwamfuta, wanda a baya ya rike rikodin don gyare-gyaren germline na musamman a cikin dabba tare da gyare-gyare na 8," in ji kamfanin a cikin sanarwar. Mummunan nasarar kerkeci ya ninka wannan nasarar da ta gabata fiye da ninki biyu, yana nuna saurin ci gaba na iya yin gyara da yawa.
Dokta George Church, masanin ilimin halittar jini na Harvard da Colossal co-founder, ya nanata mahimmancin: “Krkerkeci shine farkon misali na wannan, gami da mafi girman adadin daidaitattun gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta a cikin kashin baya mai lafiya ya zuwa yanzu—abun da ke girma sosai.”
Tsarin Zabe
Colossal bai yi canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta na sabani ba amma ya yi amfani da tsohuwar binciken DNA don gano takamaiman bambance-bambancen da suka keɓanta ga kyarkeci. Ta hanyar kwatanta kwayoyin halittar kyarkeci da aka sake ginawa tare da na canids na zamani, ƙungiyar ta gano wasu mahimman kwayoyin halitta guda 14 tare da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta guda 20 waɗanda ke ba wa kyarkeci halayen halayensu.
Waɗannan ba maƙasudai ba ne amma an zaɓe su a hankali bisa la'akari da ma'anar aikinsu wajen tantance munanan halayen wolf. Kamar yadda Dokta Beth Shapiro, Babban Jami’in Kimiyya na Colossal ya bayyana: “Muna juya ga tsohuwar DNA don mu koyi yadda za mu iya game da kowane nau’i kuma, a duk lokacin da ya yiwu, mu danganta takamaiman bambance-bambancen jerin DNA da ke bacewa da kowane mahimmin hali.”
Mabuɗin Gyaran Halitta da Ayyukansu
Duk da yake Colossal bai buga cikakken jerin duk gyare-gyare 20 ba, sanarwar su da ɗaukar hoto a cikin mujallar TIME sun bayyana da yawa daga cikin mahimman kwayoyin halitta da ayyukansu:
Launi mai Launi da Tsarin Halitta
Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun halayen kerkeci shine keɓaɓɓen gashin su. Colossal ya gano takamaiman bambance-bambancen kerkeci a cikin mahimman kwayoyin halittar pigmentation da yawa:
1. CORIN: Serine protease da aka bayyana a cikin gashin gashi wanda ke danne hanyar agouti, yana tasiri launin gashi da zane. Bambance-banbancen kerkeci na CORIN suna tasiri pigmentation ta hanyar da ke kaiwa ga launin gashi mai haske.
2. OCA2, SLC45A2, da MITF: Wadannan kwayoyin halitta suna tasiri kai tsaye aiki da ci gaban melanocytes (kwayoyin samar da launi). Yayin da kerkeci yana da maye gurbin furotin-coding a cikin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta wanda zai haifar da gashi mai haske, ƙungiyar Colossal ta gano irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen a cikin kyarkeci masu launin toka na iya haifar da kurma da makanta.
Don magance wannan matsala mai yuwuwa yayin da ake ci gaba da samun launi mai launi da ake so, ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙira mafita mai ƙirƙira:
3. MC1R da MFSD12: Maimakon kai tsaye ta yin amfani da bambance-bambancen da za su iya haifar da matsala, ƙungiyar ta haifar da asarar aiki ga waɗannan kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke rinjayar bayyanar eumelanin (baƙar fata) da pheomelanin (ja) a cikin melanocytes. Wannan ya sami nau'in nau'in launi mai launin gashi mai haske wanda genome kerkeci ya ba da shawara amma ba tare da haɗarin lafiya ba.
Wannan karbuwa yana nuna kulawar Colossal a hankali don kawar da ɓarna, yana ba da fifikon jin daɗin dabba akan ainihin kwafin kwayoyin halitta idan ya cancanta.
Girma da Tsarin Halitta
Ƙwayoyin halitta da aka gyara suna yin tasiri ga girman kerkeci da keɓaɓɓen tsarin jiki:
4. HMGA2: Wannan kwayar halitta tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da girman jiki a cikin karnuka da kerkeci. Gyara wannan kwayar halitta ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ginin-suna girma ya zama kusan 25% girma fiye da kyarkeci masu launin toka.
5. MSRB3: An danganta wannan kwayar halitta da bambancin siffar kunne da kwanyar a tsakanin karnuka da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga faffadan kan wolf da kebantattun fuskoki.
6. LCORL: Wani nau'in rubutun da ke daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta kuma an danganta shi da bambancin girman jiki a yawancin nau'in, ciki har da mutane, dawakai, da canids. Kerkeci yana da canje-canje guda uku zuwa jerin sunadaran LCORL waɗanda ke canza yadda sunadaran ke ninka daidai a wurin da yake ɗaure ga rukunin shuru.
Anan kuma, Colossal yayi gyare-gyare a hankali. Sun lura cewa "manyan nau'ikan karnuka (waɗanda kerkeci masu launin toka ne) suna da bambancin LCORL wanda ya ɓace yankin PRC2 gaba ɗaya." Maimakon gabatar da bambance-bambancen bambance-bambancen kerkeci masu iya haifar da matsala, “Krkerkeci na Colossal suna bayyana furotin da ake samu a cikin kyarkeci masu launin toka mafi girma,” suna samun tasirin phenotypic da ake so ba tare da ƙarin haɗari ba.
Multi-Gene Regulatory Module
7. Yanki mai kayyade kwayoyin halitta shigar da kwayoyin halitta guda takwas waɗanda suka kafa takamaiman takamaiman nau'in nau'in cikin girman kwarangwal da tsarin an yi niyya. An haɗa wannan tsarin zuwa fasali da suka haɗa da bambance-bambance a tsayin ɗan adam da nau'ikan nau'ikan kututturewa tsakanin nau'in finch. Ta hanyar gyara takamaiman bambance-bambancen kerkeci zuwa masu haɓaka halitta a wannan yanki, ƙungiyar ta yi tasiri ga girman kerkeci gabaɗaya da tsarinsa.
Sauti da Halaye
Abin sha'awa, injiniyan kwayoyin halitta ya wuce siffa ta zahiri zuwa halaye:
8. Halittar Halittar Halittu Masu Tasirin Surutu: Mujallar TIME ta ba da rahoton cewa Colossal ya gano ƙwayoyin halittar da ke tasiri “ƙarar girman kerkeci, ƙarin ƙarfin tsoka, babban kwanyar kai, manyan haƙora, riga mai launin haske, har ma da sautinsa na musamman.” Wadannan abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta suna nuna cewa kyarkeci da aka ta da daga matattu na iya yin sauti daban-daban fiye da kyarkeci masu launin toka na zamani.
Tsarin Editing
Creatirƙirar dire kyar ana buƙatar fiye da gano ƙwayoyin halittar da aka yi niyya-yana buƙatar daidaitaccen gyara na shafuka da yawa a lokaci guda. Tawagar ta yi amfani da fasahar gyare-gyare na CRISPR zuwa tsakiyar sel wolf endothelial progenitor sel (EPCs), daidai sake rubuta DNA a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 14 don shigar da bambance-bambancen wolf na 20 dire.
Ga kowane gyara, Colossal ya ƙirƙira cikakkun bayanan martaba na duk yuwuwar tasiri akan kwayar halittar wolf mai ba da gudummawa. Wannan tsarin kula da hankali ya ba su damar watsar da bambance-bambancen da za su haifar da wasu haɗari a waje da nau'in phenotype da aka annabta kuma suna ba da fifiko ga bambance-bambancen da suka samo asali a cikin kyarkeci masu launin toka tare da nau'in phenotype da aka annabta.
Tabbatar da Nasara
Nasarar waɗannan gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta yana bayyane a cikin raye-rayen kerkeci masu rai. A cikin watanni shida kacal, ƴan ƴan matan Romulus da Remus sun riga sun auna nauyin kilo 80 kuma suna nuna farin jakin fari mai kauri, manyan kawuna, da ƙaƙƙarfan ginshiƙan halayen kyarkeci. Halin su kuma yana nuna dabi'ar lupine na daji, tare da 'ya'yan yara suna nisanta su da mutane kuma suna nuna taka tsantsan har ma a kusa da masu kula da su.
'Yar tsana Khaleesi, wacce aka haifa watanni uku bayan mazan, tana tasowa tare da irin wannan yanayin, wanda ke nuna daidaiton bayyanar da ingantattun halaye na kwayoyin halitta a tsakanin mutane da yawa.
Bayan Sauƙaƙe Sake Gina
Abin da ya sa tsarin Colossal ya zama mai daɗaɗɗen gaske shine cewa ba wai kawai ƙoƙari ya sake haifar da ainihin ƙwayar kerkeci ba. Madadin haka, yana mai da hankali kan aikin injiniya mahimman halayen da suka sanya kyarketai masu tsauri a yanayin muhalli da kuma juyin halitta.
Kamar yadda Dokta Shapiro ya bayyana, "Kashewar aiki yana amfani da mafi aminci kuma mafi inganci hanya don dawo da abubuwan da suka ɓace waɗanda ke sa nau'in da ba a taɓa gani ba." Wannan dabarar da ta dace tana ba da fifiko ga lafiya da iyawar dabbobi yayin da har yanzu ake cim ma burin maido da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i-nau’i na zamani na maido da lafiya) da kuma iyawar dabbobin da kuma cim ma burin dabbobi.
A wasu lokuta, wannan yana nufin yin amfani da bambance-bambancen kerkeci masu launin toka waɗanda ke haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya kamar bambance-bambancen kerkeci amma ba tare da yuwuwar haɗarin lafiya ba. A wasu lokuta, yana nufin injiniya gabaɗaya sabbin canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke samun tasirin da ake so ta hanyoyi daban-daban fiye da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin wolf na asali.
Samfura don Kashewar Gaba
gyare-gyaren 20 waɗanda suka dawo da kyarkeci mai ban tsoro suna ba da fiye da nazarin shari'a mai ban sha'awa-sun kafa samfuri na fasaha don ayyukan kashewa na gaba. Ikon yin daidaitattun canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta a lokaci guda yana da mahimmanci don ƙarin buri kamar mammoth woolly, wanda zai buƙaci ƙarin gyare-gyare ga kwayar halittar giwa.
Bugu da ƙari, tsarin mai da hankali kan halaye masu aiki maimakon ainihin kwafin kwayoyin halitta yana ba da taswirar hanya mai amfani don sauran ƙoƙarin kawar da ɓarna inda cikakken sake gina kwayoyin halitta ba zai yiwu ba ko kuma da kyau.
Kamar wadannan majagaba dire wolf pups suna ci gaba da girma da haɓakawa, suna nuna ba kawai nasarar fasaha na 20 nasarar gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ba amma maido da zuriyar juyin halitta na musamman-wanda ke dawo da tsoffin kwayoyin halitta a cikin duniyar rayuwa bayan shekaru 12,000 na rashi. Kowace sifa da suke nunawa, tun daga fararen riguna har zuwa dabi'ar daji, tana wakiltar nasarar bayyanar da ingantaccen tsarin kwayoyin halitta wanda ke gadar da da yanzu.
